Uses of Statistics Essays

Uses of Statistics Essays Uses of Statistics Essay Uses of Statistics Essay Uses of Statistics HCS/438 August 2, 2011 Mike Janson Uses of Statistics The use of statistics has been proven to assist the understanding of information, data, in many ways. Statistical information is not just collected, but it is also organized and quantified, providing a clearer picture for further study. This writer will explain how statistics are used in my personal workplace, and describe aspects of the statistics used. Statistics in Personal Workplace My personal workplace is what the federal government classifies as a skilled nursing facility, under the label of long term care. We serve one hundred and twenty predominantly elderly residents who are both long The example of a descriptive statistic would be our Education impacts the quality of the services provided (Gambrill, 2000). At these times, and at times of organizational and personal planning for the future, accurate, and correct nursing decisions need to be made. Inferential Statistic Example My long-term professional goal is contingent on my goal defined above. It will not be achieved unless the short-term goal is complete. My long-term professional goal is to be an advanced practice nurse, in particular, a Nurse Practitioner, or NP. A registered nurse in this position, is â€Å"prepared for primary care practice in family medicine, women’s health, neonatology, pediatrics, school health, geriatrics, or mental health† (Venes, 2009). I believe I can make a greater difference in the lives of my clients, achieving this goal. Skills needed for this type of position, and advanced degree, are many. The NP may practice to a point autonomously, but must have the overriding approval and supervision of a physician willing to do so. Excellent communication and clinical skills are imperative to good outcomes. Similar to a physician’s care choices, a client’s life is impacted by decisions instituted by the NP, at the simplest to most complex levels. It will not be easy to achieve this goal. Right now, each class I pass, and in March 2012, the attainment of my bachelor’s degree, brings me closer to the start of this program. Local Master’s degree level NP programs extend through two years’ worth of full-time study, and will necessitate lifestyle changes that will impact my family’s lives for a significant period. Challenges and obstacles assuredly are faced during this time and can be expected in the pursuit of learning (Washburne, 1936). Challenges include the type of employment I perform during this period, payment for bills while engaged in full-time study and the potential change of residence to have better access for studying needs for a time. Personal Goals My personal goals, though separate from my professional goals may be acutely intertwined and dependent on professional goals for achievement. My personal goals, both short-term and long-term, tend to be defined this way. Short-Term Personal Goal My short-term personal goal is simple, and consists of showing my children the importance of meeting and overcoming challenges to achieve an educational goal. This will be accomplished with the conferral of a bachelor’s degree in nursing. My childhood was spent in a farming community, and education was not something promoted as a need, or a goal to be achieved. I have fought this engrained mentality for many years, and have determined not to pass this on to my children, or show agreement with it in any way. I want them to see education is worth something, it is worth fighting for and it does have rewards when achieved. I have used my enthusiasm for my children’s school opportunities, my own excitement at their progress, and promotion of extra educational challenges they can choose, to show them the value in what they study. This personal goal is achieved every day with interest shown, and excellent grades in, the topics they study. Long-Term Personal Goal My long-term personal goal is more complex, and is dependent on my long-term professional goal. The ability of my children to attend college, and the ability to assist with this, is important to me. It does entail a lifestyle change that would come with the completion of an advanced practice degree. Completion of an advanced educational degree such as a Master’s program for a Nurse Practitioner has been shown to result in increased income (Navratil, 1976). This translation to higher income would enable greater ease in promoting the pursuit of college for my children, thereby enhancing their future as well. My prior mentioned short-term goal challenges of promoting education for the many benefits it brings while being positive over the sacrifice it requires will be the greatest hurdle throughout this endeavor. It takes skill to maneuver through the pitfalls of negativity and maintain a positive attitude. I will know this goal will be met on the day my first child enters her own chosen course of study at a higher learning institution and follow her own dreams. Conclusion Understanding the goals we have in life can help us in determining factors to be aware of, such as milestones met, or the challenges experienced in their pursuit. Professional and personal goals, though thought of separately, intertwine. Our goals affect us, as we achieve them, and also affect those around us, directly or indirectly. Pursuit of planned goals and the use of education in achieving them will assist in the betterment of those who do. References Gambrill, E. D. (2000). Honest Brokering of Knowledge and Ignorance. Journal of Social Work Education. pp. 387-397. Retrieved from EBSCOhost. Navratil, F. J. (1976). Returns to Education: An International Comparison/Education, Income and Human Behavior (Book Review). Journal of Human Resources, 11(1), 131-135. Retrieved from EBSCOhost. Venes, D. (2009). Tabers Cyclopedic Medical Dictionary. (21st ed). Philidelphia, PA: F. A. Davis. Retrieved from: credoreference. com/entry/tcmd/nurse Washburne, J. (1936). The definition of learning. Journal of Educational Psychology, 27 (8), 603-611. doi:10. 1037/h0060154

9 Easy Steps to Make More Money At Work

9 Easy Steps to Make More Money At Work We can’t all be hedge fund managers and zillionaires. But there are a few very practical strategies that can help you maximize your assets. 1. Location Location LocationDon’t just flock to L.A., Chicago, Boston, or New York because they’re there (and so big and shiny). Use a resource like Zillow.com to check for metro areas with a better bang for your buck- cities like Dallas, Atlanta, and Indianapolis, where housing costs are a much lower percentage of your income. A lot of these cities are up-and-coming and great places to live.2. Be proactiveDon’t wait six months or a year for your first performance review to ask for that raise. Most companies make their budgets at the end of their fiscal year; if you can, start the conversation before that window closes.3. Give it a NumberLet your boss know what you want before you explain why you’ve earned it. And set a range; you’ll appear flexible; and you never know, you might end up with the big numb er.4. Go RogueExecutives who switch jobs can end up with an up to 15% pay bump, compared with your typical 3% raise. Make that kind of upward move at the age of 40, and you can make a 9% difference in your lifetime income.5. RebrandYou’re not the same employee you were when you were fresh out of college with your first resume. Tailor your current resume to your current goals, and drop whatever positions are no longer relevant to your career.6. DigitizeWhy look for other opportunities when the Internet can do it for you? Keep up on LinkedIn, Poachable, and Poacht, and sex up your profile with keywords pertinent to the job you want. This will attract prospective employers without your even having to go looking for them!7. Climb HigherEven if you’re late in your career, aim to make it up just one more rung on the ladder. It can make all the difference in cumulative earnings, not to mention the ego boost of conquering another level of the game.8. Go LateralNo more free run gs on your ladder? No worries. Hop to the adjoining one if opportunities are short. Just make sure not to burn any bridges- and keep your boss sweet in case you ever need a glowing reference.9. Have a Back-Up PlanYou never know when everything is going to come crashing down around you. Prepare for the worst and you’ll never get caught with your pants down. Have an idea for a small business or a freelance project? Keep it in your back pocket for emergencies and never lose a chance to earn.9 Ways to Make More Money at Work

The Secret Loin and The Rocking Horse Winner Essay

The Secret Loin and The Rocking Horse Winner - Essay Example This paper talkst he first story told about the importance and need to represent myself and my thoughts. Importantly, the second story, guided to avoid being too much greedy because it thrills but it kills in the long run. The second story also guided to think money as a tool of living. The objective of one’s existence should be to enjoy the life because believe it or not humans get only one go around in this world and therefore, it is people’s duty and responsibility to stop worrying about the future and initiate to live in the present. The present moment is what we all got and we can either enjoy it or waste it. In the paper we can find out the description of the first story. The story entitled â€Å"The Secret Loin† discussed two characters, whom were bored with exactitude of the routine. They were basically studying at Junior High School and there they were not permitted to have a conversation with anyone. They were expected to take classes and go home without thinking for a moment during the entire day. The thinking is the process that is the most difficult act for human beings. Most of the humanity wants to execute predetermined stigmata and manage the old routine The story at hand depicted a human urge and need to say what they want to say. This paper says that the second story with the title of â€Å"The Rocking Horse Winner† is written to tell people that unjustified greed and longing for the money is going to kill. The story attributes an anxious mother who wants to make money all the time. Furthermore, she is always worried and has a habit of blaming others for her own troubles. Paul is the name of the abovementioned mother’s son and he is told by her that she is miserable because of his father’s unluckiness. She also told him that luck is important, due to its ability to attract money. Paul in the vague of making a lot of money starts betting on horse races. Finally, with the help of Bassit and Uncle Oscar, Paul initiated to make money big time. But, one day while riding his rocking horse he fell and contracted an incurable brain disease and

Concept Of Quality Circles Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6000 words

Concept Of Quality Circles - Essay Example Quality Circle concept has three major attributes: a) Change in Attitude: The establishment of quality circles brings an attitude change from "I don't care" to "I do care". Also it brings 'Continuous improvement' in quality of work life through humanization of work. A Quality Circle has an appropriate organizational structure for its effective and efficient performance. It varies from industry to industry, organization to organization. But it is useful to have a basic framework as a model. The structure of a Quality Circle consists of the following elements. i. A steering committee: This is at the top of the structure. It is headed by a senior executive and includes representatives from the top management personnel and human resources development people. It establishes policy, plans and directs the program and meets usually once in a month. v. Circle members: They may be staff workers. Without circle members the porgramme cannot exist. They are the lifeblood of quality circles. They should attend all meetings as far as possible, offer suggestions and ideas, participate actively in group process, take training seriously with a receptive attitude. The roles of Steering Committee, Co-ordinator, Facilitator, Circle leader and Circle members are well defined. PROCESS OF OPERATION The operation of quality circles involves a set of sequential steps as under: 1. Problem identification: Identify a number of problems. 2 Problem selection: Decide the priority and select the problem to be taken up first. 3 Problem Analysis: Problem is clarified and analysed by basic problem solving methods. 4 Generate alternative solutions: Identify and evaluate causes and generate number of possible alternative solutions. 5 Select the most appropriate solution : Discuss and evaluate the alternative solutions by comparison in terms of investment and return from the investment. This enables to select the most appropriate solution. 6 Prepare plan of action : Prepare plan of action for converting the solution into reality which includes

Platos Perspectives on Society, Organization and Leadership Essay Example for Free

Platos Perspectives on Society, Organization and Leadership Essay Main views about society Plato wrote in his book called the Republic. The Republic was written around 380 (BC). In this book Plato tries to define justice, right order and character of the just city and the just man. In the Republic different philosophers like Socrates try to argue, what is the meaning of justice. They also discuss if a just man is happier than an unjust man, if they are ruled by just philosopher kings. (Brickhouse, Thomas Smith, Nicholas, 2010) Plato view, that a just city has to be ruled by these philosopher kings. Plato believed in an aristocratic system of ruling, not the democratic way of ruling. The kings have to be educated by philosophers, so that they would be like philosophers. Or philosophers should be elected as rulers. Anyhow he did not like some much about democracy and little educated leaders. (Brickhouse, Thomas Smith, Nicholas, 2010) Plato thinks that there are many dangers in the democracy. People do not always choose the wisest persons at the elections. Sometimes they choose those, who can speak nicely. The knowledge is not the main criteria for choosing people at the democracy, but Plato thinks that those who know should be elected as rulers. (Saarinen 1985, p.43) Plato was pessimistic about people. According to him common people were bad and acted normally irrationally. People lived according to their selfish desires and bad beliefs. People did not follow the laws by their hearts, but because they were afraid of punishment. (Plato 360 BC, p.45) According to Plato people could not live alone. They needed each other. Plato said, that it is good for people to live in communities, by this way people can exchange products. (Plato 360 BC, p.75) Plato believes that the society has to be well ordered, this will lead into good moral in the society. Fine social order and education will educate good people. These good people, who are well educated, will be better than their parents (People living before them.). (Plato 360 BC, p.117, 353, 380) Plato thinks that a human soul and society have similarities. They both have same particles. Parts of the soul are like social classes in the society. If these parts / social classes are in harmony, there will be justice. There are three different classes in the society: Productive, protective and governing class. Productive class is workers: farmers, blacksmiths, carpenters, ranchers, etc. Part of the soul for these people is appetite. Second class is protective class. These people are warriors and guardians. They are strong and courageous. Part of the soul for these people is the spirit. Third class is the governing. These people are rulers or philosopher kings. They are rational, wise, self-controlled. These people can make good decisions for the society. These people are like the reason part of the soul. These people are very few. (Saarinen 1985, p.42-43) Plato already saw corruption in the society. He said that it is needed rule of law to prevent corruption. The government and guardians have to really guard the society that the order and rule of law can exist. (Plato 360 BC, p.141) Love of wisdom should be one of main values of the society. (Plato 360 BC, p.397) There should be order, not anarchy, in the society. If there is order children can orderly live with their parents and they can learn from their parents. In the same way masters can learn from their scholars. There should be some fear between son and a father and pupil and a teacher. This fear keeps the order. (Plato 360 BC, p.328-329) Plato’s Perspectives on Organization Plato thought that there are three classes in the society, which should have a good co-operation and they should live in a harmony. According to Plato’s views organization has three different groups (classes). Somebody might also think that these groups (classes) have strict borderlines. This means that it is difficult to step from one group to another group. It is difficult to go over lines to another class at the organization. Plato sees an organization as an entity, which should be in harmony with its parts. Many modern organizational theoreticians have followed Plato, when they stress the unitary and well balanced nature of modern complex organizations. (Takala 1998, p.797) Plato thinks about the greatest evil and the greatest good at an organization. In His views evil is discord and distraction. On the other hand good is unity. There has to be unity in the organization, all the members should have common experiences (pleasures etc.). (Plato 360 BC, p.198) Justice is important thing for every organization. In the organization order brings justice and the organization has to keep the justice. (Plato 360 BC, p.6) If there is injustice in the organization, it will lead into quarrels and fights, people will become each other’s enemies. Injustice will disturb the organization’s basis for human co-operation. (Plato 360 BC, p.53-54) Obedience is an important factor at the organization. Workers should obey their masters. Everybody should live under clear hierarchy and follow the orders given by those, who are over them. (Plato 360 BC, p.36, 192, 297) Plato’s Perspectives on Leadership Plato thinks, that ruler has to be philosopher. This means, that only philosophers can be good rulers. In this way main character of a leader is his/her philosophical capacity. Leader (ruler) has to know the real being and leader (ruler) has to distinguish belief from the real knowledge. This is the highest virtue for a leader: To separate beliefs and real facts. (Saarinen 1985, p. 44) Plato thinks, that leader should love the truth. He teaches that a leader is like a captain and his ship or a doctor and his medicine. These professions (doctor, captain) cannot be practised by everyone by nature. So to be a leader is not by nature, leaders should be educated. Plato thinks that one of the main tasks for the education system is to produce these philosopher kings. (Plato 360 BC, p.233) Plato thinks that a leader has to be a just person. The stronger (leader) cannot abuse his power over the weaker. The leader has to be just and there has to be justice in the society. Leader guides this social order, so that society can live in harmony. Leader guides citizens (class of citizens) to carry out tasks for which they are suited and not interfering with the work of others. (Takala 1998, p.791) Plato sees leadership as an important part of a functioning society. He thinks that leadership is an educational catalyst in the society. Plato thinks that leader has got two important tasks: to control the implementation of education and to control the propagation of thoughts. Plato sees this controlling as an essential function in the society, that’s why the controllers must be philosophers. (Takala 1998, p.790-791) According to Plato education is needed to produce good philosopher leaders. Education leaves its mark on leaders. On the other hand education makes division between leaders and other people. Platonic education gives wisdom and mystical skills (real knowledge) to the leaders. (Takala 1998, p.792) Plato sees leadership as a duty of a philosopher. The essential thing is the true knowledge, if somebody has got the knowledge he can be the leader. The philosopher has got knowledge and he can rule. And the man, who is not philosophical, has got only a true beliefs or opinions. This corresponds that he cannot be the leader. (Takala 1998, p.792) In Plato’s thinking there is the concept of the leadership of meaning. The leader has to create meaning, he has to sustain it and sometimes it has to be changed. In this way leadership can be seen as a social process. This social process includes all those means by which leadership creates new meanings by rituals, symbolizing and â€Å"naming†. The attributes of a powerful leader is also in the Plato’s thinking. One attribute in Plato’s thinking is the charisma, which is said to be widely discussed in modern leadership theories. A leader must have charisma in order to be successful in his actions. Without it the leader is not able to do his job, to lead some complex organization. (Takala 1998, p.797) References http://www.springerlink.com/content/u348q477q0583068/fulltext.pdf

The Picture of Dorian Gray Essay -- Literary Analysis, Oscar Wilde

Many people influence our lives, shaping the way we act, talk, and even think. People can affect others in many positive ways; however, they can also corrupt the people around them. In Oscar Wilde’s The Picture of Dorian Gray, Lord Henry influences Dorian Gray to the point where Dorian loses all respect, dignity, and integrity that he had and eventually leads him to experience his downfall. In William Shakespeare’s Othello, Iago clearly feels no allegiance to even one other character in the play yet he makes each feel as if he is his or her personal confidant and most trustworthy friend and advisor. Dorian Gray influences over unfortunate youths and leads them to their destruction. Finally, the society has a profound influence over Alan Campbell and Basil and they eventually meet their downfall due to the influence. Dorian Gray’s downfall rests in his willingness to sacrifice himself to Lord Henry’s vision. When Lord Henry first meets Dorian Gray, he notices Dorian Gray’s beauty. Lord Henry tells Dorian that youth and beauty are the finest of all treasures, and they should be cherished and guarded because they quickly fade. Recollecting the words of Lord Henry, Dorian first recognizes the extraordinary beauty and youth in the portrait and then is pained by the thought of losing it. He envies the figure in the painting, and wishes, â€Å"If it were I who was to be always young, and the picture was to grow old! For that-for that- I would give everything!† (p.28) Lord Henry's words on youth and beauty influence Dorian to make this wish. His wish was granted and the painting will show his sins and his age while Dorian would remain young. As Dorian observes the portrait alter more each time he does something unpleasant, he realizes that ... ...t Dorian even though he does not want to. The society informed Basil about the reality of Dorian. By informing Basil, Basil begins to think thoughts that he would not normally think. "When I first heard them, I laughed. I hear them now, and they make me shudder" (p.145). Basil loses his individual thoughts as a result of the society's influence. Iago, Lord Henry, Dorian Gray, and the society provide others with negative influence that often leads to their own downfall. By adopting another person's ideas one gives up his or her own individual responsibility because they are not acting as the individual they represent. If another character communicates with Lord Henry, Lord Henry will preach his own ideas to the character and will make him lose his own individual thoughts. By adopting Lord Henry's thoughts, the character will experience the dangers of influence.

Prophylactic Internal Iliac Artery Ligation Health Essay

Aim: to measure the function of internal iliac arteria ligation as an effectual method of commanding station partum bleeding due to sidelong uterine rupture. Subjects and methods: A randomized controlled survey was conducted on 50 pregnant adult females who were admitted to Shatby University Maternity Hospital between June 2006 and August 2008, all of them were diagnosed as station partum bleeding due to sidelong uterine rupture. The patients were indiscriminately allocated to 2 groups, the ligation group where ligation of internal iliac arteria followed by fix of ruptured uterine wall was done ( group A ) , and the fix group, where ruptured womb was repaired by conventional methods ( group B ) . Informed consent was taken from all patients. Consequences: The ligation group showed a important statistical difference when compared with the fix group sing intra-operative clip ; sum of blood transfused intra-operatively ; continuance of intensive attention unit stay, need for extra surgical intervention such as hysterectomy or extra vaginal hemostasis, and the incidence of complications as disseminated intravascular coagulopathy, and ureteric hurt. Decision ; internal iliac arteria ligation is considered an alternate effectual method to hysterectomy in instances of sidelong uterine rupture, taking to diminish maternal morbidity. Cardinal words: postpartum bleeding ( PPH ) , uterine rupture, internal iliac arteria ligation ( IIAL ) , hysterectomy.IntroductionPost partum bleeding ( PPH ) is a major cause of world-wide mortality runing from 13 % in developed states to 34 % in developing states. ( 1 ) it is responsible for over 125,000 maternal deceases each twelvemonth and is associated with morbidity in 20 million adult females per twelvemonth. ( 2 ) Traditionally, PPH is defined as hemorrhage from the venereal piece of land of 500 milliliter or more in the first 24 hr following bringing of the babe, a significant autumn in the hematocrit or the demand of blood transfusion have besides been proposed. ( 2-5 ) Uterine atonicity is the common cause of PPH that accounts for 80 % of instances ; other causes include maintained placental fragments, lower venereal piece of land lacerations and uterine rupture. ( 6 ) Uterine rupture is a ruinous obstetric complication. Although an uncommon event, it continues to be associated with a high rate of perinatal and maternal morbidity and mortality. ( 7 ) The chief hazard factor for uterine rupture is a scarred womb, normally secondary to a anterior cesarean bringing. Consequently, most of the recent reappraisals on uterine rupture have focused on adult females trying vaginal birth after old cesarean bringing ( VBAC ) . ( 8 ) Rupture of the unscarred womb is a rare obstetric complication, with an estimated incidence of 1 in 8000-15,000 bringings. ( 9 ) There are two types of uterine rupture, complete and uncomplete, distinguished by whether or non the serous coat of the womb is involved. ( 10 ) In the former the uterine contents including foetus and on occasion placenta, may be discharged into the peritoneal pit, whereas in the latter the serous coat is integral and foetus and placenta are inside the uterine pit. ( 11 ) The complete assortment appears to be more unsafe of the two assortments. ( 12 ) Rupture of womb during labour is more unsafe than that happening in gestation because daze is greater and infection is about inevitable. ( 13,14 ) When PPH continues despite aggressive medical intervention, early consideration should be given to surgical intercession. The pick of process will depend on the para of the adult females and her desire for childbirth, the extent of bleeding and, most significantly, the experience and opinion of the sawbones. In most ruinous state of affairss, hysterectomy is preferred in order to collar farther blood loss and via media with certainty. ( 15 ) Although a life-saving process, it may non be appropriate for adult females who need to continue their generative potency. Haemostatic processs that preserve the uterus include uterine pit tamponage, selective uterine arteria embolisation, uterine arteria ligation and uterine brace suturas. ( 16 ) ISSN 1110-0834Internal iliac arteria ligation ( IIAL ) for the control of profuse pelvic hemorrhage has long been recognized as a life-saving process. ( 17 ) The American College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists continues to recommend the usage of hypogastric arteria ligation in the direction of intraoperative intractable bleeding during pelvic surgery or in instances of obstetric bleeding. ( 18 ) The construct that surcease of blood supply may do harm to pelvic variety meats has been proved to be incorrect. On the contrary, in the instance of pelvic bleeding unmanageable by conservative methods, prompt intercession may non merely salvage the life of the patient but besides her womb. There are several studies of gestations carried to full term after bilateral ligation of the hypogastric arterias. ( 19-23 ) The purpose of this survey was to measure the function of bilateral IIAL in instances of terrible station partum bleeding due to sidelong rupture womb in comparing to the conventional uterine fix merely in such instances.MethodThis survey was conducted on 50 pregnant adult females who were admitted to Shatby University Maternity Hospital between June 2006 and August 2008, all of them were diagnosed as terrible station partum bleeding due to sidelong uterin e rupture which might be extended to the vagina ( Diagnosis was confirmed during Laparotomy ) . The sample group were indiscriminately allocated into two groups: Group A=35 patients ( ligation group ) : adult females were subjected to bilateral IIAL followed by fix of uterine wall. Group B =15 patients ( fix merely group ) : adult females were subjected to conventional methods of uterine fix. All patients were counselled for the process and informed consent was obtained.Technique of internal iliac ligation was done as follow:The womb is lifted out of the pelvic girdle in order to observe the extent of the hurt. The uterine tear is inspected and examined carefully from the vertex downwards. The hemorrhage borders of the womb are held with Green Armytage clinch ( or pealing forceps ) . The vesica is dissected from the lower uterine section by crisp and blunt dissection so mobilized downwards. The external iliac pulsings are felt and followed up to the bifurcation of the common iliac arteria, and the ureter is identified. The peritoneum on the sidelong side of the bifurcation of the common iliac arteria is opened by a longitudinal scratch in such a manner that the ureter remains attached to the median peritoneal contemplation exposing the retroperitoneal anatomy. The internal iliac arteria is traced and carefully dissected off from the underlying vena. Figure ( 1 & A ; 2 ) A dual yarn of absorbable sutura ( Vicryl ) stuff is passed underneath the arteria and tied. Figure ( 3 ) Femoral arteria pulsings are identified after binding the ligatures.Statistical methods:Statistical analysis was done utilizing Statistical Package for Social Sciences ( SPSS/version 15 ) package. The statistical trials used are as follow: Arthematic mean, standard divergence, Chui-square trial and Fisher exact trial was used for categorised parametric quantities, while for numerical informations, t-test was used. The degree of significance was 0.05.ConsequenceIn the ligation group ( group A ) , the age ranged from 24 – 39 old ages with a mean of 32.85A ±6.57 and para ranged from 1-4 with a mean of 2.45A ±1.01, while in the fix group ( group B ) their age ranged from 27-42 old ages with a mean of 33.9A ±7.06 and the para ranged from 1-4 with a mean of 2.622A ±1.05, severally. There was no statistically important difference between the two groups sing age and para. Both groups were compared as respects intra-operative and, postoperative eventsIntraoperative events:The average intra-operative clip in group ( A ) was 45.5A ±4.68 proceedingss, while it was 98.5A ±8.98 proceedingss in group ( B ) . The intra-operative clip is statistically important longer in group B as P= 0.0001. The clip needed for one- sided IIAL ranged between three to seven proceedingss. The average blood volume transfused intra-operatively in group ( A ) was 1750A ±71.6 milliliter, compared to 2980A ±120.8 milliliters in group ( B ) , this difference is statistically important as P= 0.0001. In group ( A ) , Four patients ( 11.4 % ) had hysterectomy, and 6 patients ( 17.1 % ) had extra haemostatic vaginal suturas for extended vaginal cryings after IIAL. In group ( B ) seven patients ( 46.7 % ) had hysterectomy and 10 patients ( 66.7 % ) had haemostatic vaginal suturas. These difference, are statistically important as P= 0.0058 and 0.0005 severally. These findings revealed a higher incidence of extra secondary processs in group ( B ) . There was no ureteric ligation or hurt recorded in group ( A ) , on the other manus in group ( B ) the ureter was ligated on the same side during fix of the tear without exposing the ureter in 2 instances. Fortunately, both discovered intra-operatively and managed. No other complications were recorded in either group. ( Table I )Postoperative eventsAll patients were transferred postoperatively to intensive attention unit ( ICU ) the average continuance of ICU stay was 38A ±5.99 hours in group ( A ) , compared to 70A ±6.85 hours in group B, which is statistically important as P= 0.0001. On the other manus, 5 patients ( 14.3 % ) in group ( A ) which is statistically important less compared to 9 patients ( 60.0 % ) in group ( B ) were complicated with disseminated intra vascular coagulopathy ( DIC ) . The entire volume of blood collected from intra-abdominal drain over 48 hours postoperatively was 211A ±23.85 milliliter in group ( A ) , while it was 751A ±68.98 milliliter in group ( B ) . These revealed a higher incidence of station operative complications in group B. Merely one patient ( 2.9 % ) died from pneumonic intercalation in group ( A ) , and another one ( 6.7 % ) died in group ( B ) due to monolithic hypovolemia and daze. ( Table II ) Fig. 1: Lateral uterine rupture with terrible station partum bleeding Fig. 2: Retroperitoneal anatomy demoing the great vass. Fig. 3: A dual yarn of absorbable sutura stuff is passed underneath the arteria utilizing right angled artery forceps and tied. Table I: Comparison between the two studied groups sing intra-operative events.Group Aâ€Å" n=35 †Group Bâ€Å" n=15 †Trial of significanceIntra-operative clip ( min. ) 45.5A ±4.68 98.5A ±8.98 T = 4.30 P = 0.0001* Sum of blood transfused intra-operatively ( milliliter ) 1750A ±71.6 2980A ±120.8 T = 5.21 P = 0.0001* Need for hysterectomy 4 ( 11.4 % ) 7 ( 46.7 % ) X2 = 7.60 P = 0.0058* Need for extra vaginal haemostatic suturas 6 ( 17.1 % ) 10 ( 66.7 % ) X2 = 11.83 P = 0.0005* Ureteric ligation 0 ( 0.0 % ) 2 ( 13.3 % ) Field-effect transistor P = 0.085 Datas are presented as Mean + SD * P is important if & lt ; 0.05 Field-effect transistor: Fisher Exact ‘s Trial Table II: Comparison between the two studied groups sing post-operative events.Group Aâ€Å" n=35 †Group Bâ€Å" n=15 †Trial of significanceDuration of ICU stay in hours 38A ±5.99 70A ±6.85 T = 4.25 P = 0.001* Incidence of DIC 5 ( 14.3 % ) 9 ( 60.0 % ) X2 = 10.88 P = 0.0009* Entire sum of blood collected in drain over 48 hours ( milliliter ) 211A ±23.85 751A ±68.98 T = 6.21 P = 0.0001* Maternal mortality 1 ( 2.9 % ) 1 ( 6.7 % ) Field-effect transistor P = 0.524 Datas are presented as Mean + SD * P is important if & lt ; 0.05 Field-effect transistor: Fisher Exact ‘s Test DIC: disseminated intra vascular coagulopathy Intensive care unit: intensive attention unitDiscussionUterine rupture is a serious obstetric complication, with high morbidity and mortality, peculiarly in less and least developed states. The most of import defect of the information available is the deficiency of distinction between uterine rupture with and without old cesarean subdivision. Overall, most rates ranged between 0.1 % and 1 % . Maternal mortality ranged between 1 % and 13 % , and perinatal mortality between 74 % and 92 % . ( 24 ) Uterine artery ligation is a promising technique in the direction of PPH as occlusion of the uterine arteria reduces 90 % of the blood flow. It is utile in uterine atonicity, but in uterine injury, when the avulsed uterine arteria retracts into the wide ligament organizing a hematoma, it is hard to make a uterine arteria ligation and salve the womb. IIAL in such state of affairss is helpful as the force per unit area and flow of circulation lessening distal to the ligation and enabling one to readily turn up the hemophiliac and ligate it firmly. Similarly, in instances of deep forniceal cryings and hematoma, uterine arteria ligation or even hysterectomy does non halt the bleeding. In such instances, blood loss could be arrested after IIAL as vaginal arteria is a direct subdivision of anterior division of internal iliac arteria. Since it is a safe, rapid and really effectual method of commanding shed blooding from venereal piece of land, it is besides helpful in commanding postoperative bleeding after abdominal or vaginal hysterectomy where no unequivocal hemorrhage point is noticeable. IIAL was performed for the first clip by Kelly ( 25 ) with a success rate 95 % and without any major complication. Mukherjee et Al ( 26 ) performed 36 instances of IIAL with a success rate of 83.3 % in 6 old ages. The principle for IIAL as an effectual agencies of commanding intractable PPH and forestalling maternal decease is based on the haemodynamic surveies of Burchell, ( 27 ) which showed that IIAL reduced pelvic blood flow by 49 % and pulse force per unit area by 85 % , ensuing in venous force per unit areas in the arterial circuit therefore advancing hemostasis by a simple coagulum formation. However, the reported success rate of IIAL varies from 40 to 100 % , ( 28 ) and the process averts hysterectomy in merely 50 % of instances. ( 29 ) Papp et Al, ( 30 ) published aA reappraisal of indicants and results for 117 instances of bilateral hypogastric arteria ligation over 15 old ages ( 1990-2004 ) . They documented that, apart from a little lesion to the hypogastric vena, no complications were observed. Bleeding was efficaciously controlled in all 37 obstetric instances. In 13 of these instances, the womb was preserved even when there was cervical gestation, placenta previa, placental breaking off, uterine atonicity, and uterine rupture, and 4 adult females were delivered of mature babies. Bleeding was efficaciously controlled in 41 of 80 gynaecological instances. Contraceptive decrease of pelvic blood flow was the indicant for the process in 39 cases.The womb was preserved in merely a few of the 41 controlled instances, but one adult female ( so far ) was delivered of a mature baby. In our survey we evaluated the efficaciousness of ligation of internal iliac arteria in instances of rupture womb. Results showed less operative clip and sum of blood transfused for replacing in comparing to the fix group. In add-on, the womb was preserved in most of the instances, merely 4 patients ( 11.4 % ) had hysterectomy, and 6 patients ( 17.1 % ) had extra vaginal suturas for hemostasis. There were no ureteric or great vessel hurts. The post-operative events, showed short ICU stay and less incidence of complications as DIC was merely seen in 5 patients ( 14.3 % ) , besides it is fertility salvaging process. The fright of vascular hurt and return of bleeding normally deter an obstetrician from fall backing to IIAL. We observed that one time the uterine hemorrhage was controlled during surgery, it did non repeat in the postoperative period in any adult female in whom the womb was conserved. As there is free inosculation providing pelvic variety meats, vascular lack following ligature have non proved to be a job, even after bilateral IIAL. Khelifi et Al. ( 31 ) have evaluated internal iliac arterias in 13 adult females after ligation by color Doppler echography in the 4th twenty-four hours after intercession and so monthly until repermeabilization of the internal iliac arterias. In all instances, the first test showed down-side the ligature, a flow inversion with an of import pelvic indirect circulation. The following Doppler test showed repermeabilization of the hypogastric arterias after an mean interval of 5 months. Pappz et Al. ( 21 ) have reported a successful gestation after internal iliac arteria ligation with normal flow speed in uterine arterias. Wagaarachchi and Fernando ( 22 ) observed successful gestation in 50 % of the instances following bilateral ligation. Therefore, Internal iliac arteria ligation decreases the hemorrhage, clears the operative field and therefore enables the sawbones to avoid blindly clamping and ligating tissues submerged in a pool of blood. This is peculiarly helpful in cut downing the hazard of ureteric hurt. Internal iliac arteria ligation besides facilitates fix of vaginal lacerations that bleed abundantly with each sutura through the vaginal wall. It represents an option to the hysterectomy and preserves the child-bearing maps of some females because of the subsequent vascular recanalization. All accoucheurs caring for parturient adult females should familiarise themselves with this process as it should be an built-in portion of obstetric and gynaecological preparation.

European Custom Law

The Customs Union is one the bases of the European Union and an essential element in the functioning of the unified market. The unified market can only function when there is a common application of common rules at its external borders. This implies that the 27 Customs administrations of the EU must act, as they were one. These common rules go beyond the Customs Union as such, and extend to all aspects of trade policy, such as preferential trade, health, environmental control, the protection of EU economic interests and the management of external relations. The creation of a customs union in the European Economic Community in 1968 was implemented internally through the abolition of customs duties, quantitative restrictions and measures having equivalent effect between Member States and, on the external front, through the introduction of a common customs tariff and a common commercial policy. In fact, goods imported from third countries had to be treated in the same way by all Member States in order to circulate freely in the customs union. But the customs union itself had to be integrated into the existing international economic order, regulated by the 1948 General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade. On the EEC Treaty the Member States declared that in creating a customs union, they intended to contribute, in accordance with the common interest, to a harmonious development of world trade, a gradual removal of restrictions to international trade and the lowering of customs barriers. The creation of the customs union has led to strong growth in intra-Community trade, but the Community has not become insolated. Instead, it has developed into the world's biggest importer and exporter. In addition, the rules of the GATT and the various international agreements created under their influence, formed the legal basis for the EU's own commercial policy instruments and action, notably in the field of tariffs, the application of safeguard measures, anti-dumping and anti-subsidies actions. The European Union can introduce surveillance and safeguard measures in the framework of the common rules for imports when imports at prices viewed as normal are causing or risk causing serious injury to European producers. In cases where the export price is lower than the normal value of a like product (dumping), the EU can take trade protection measures, notably through the application of anti-dumping duties. European rules being compatible with those of the World Trade Organization, economic operators must comply with only one set of rules for imports into the EU These rules apply automatically in the new States acceding to the EU. The Member States of the European Union no longer have an independent foreign trade policy. More than 60% of their trade is intra-European and as such it depends on the rules of the single market that prohibit any trade protection or trade promotion measures. For the remaining 40% of their trade, the main instruments of commercial policy, the Common Customs Tariff, the common import arrangements and the common protective measures are in the hands of the organs of the EU, the Commission and the Council. Together they contribute to ensuring an even competition playing field for European businesses, giving them access to equal prices for imported raw materials and other products they need. At the same time, the common commercial policy facilitates the work of European importers who can use a uniform import license, valid throughout the EU. Mission statement of Customs authorities:The European Commission website on its Taxation and Union section states:â€Å"Customs authorities shall be primarily responsible for supervision of the Community’s international trade, thereby contributing to fair and open trade, to implementation of the external aspects of the internal market, of the common trade policy and of the other common Community policies having a bearing on trade, and to overall supply chain security. Customs authorities shall put in place measures aimed, in particular, at:a. Protecting the financial interests of the Community and its Member States;b. Protecting the Community from unfair and illegal trade while supporting legitimate business activity;c. Ensuring the security and safety of the Community and its residents, and protection of the environment, where appropriate in close cooperation with other authorities;d. Maintaining a proper balance between customs controls and facilitation of legitimate trade. The two faces of customsCustoms services in the EU play a dual role. Customs officers still act as collectors of customs levying import duties and taxes but increasingly they also work as â€Å"watchdogs† securing the Union’s external borders to protect citizens’ health and safety. Checks to enforce security and safety rules can only be performed at the EU’s external borders. It is inevitable that certain cargo shipments, which could pose a risk to the safety or security of the EU and its citizens, must be stopped and checked. These checks are different from the task of levying import duties, which customs authorities can perform at a later stage along the supply chain, for example on the premises of the importer or exporter, to avoid congestion at the EU’s external borders. The watchdogBorder checks to guarantee the safety and security of European citizens are performed by customs officers in close cooperation with other border agencies, such as veterinary and product safety authorities. Two particular causes of concern for customs authorities with respect to health and safety are counterfeit goods and drug precursors. The collector of customsEvery shipment of goods, which enters the European Union, has to be declared to customs. On the basis of the customs declarations, customs officers check the shipment and levy the import duties and taxes due. In 2007, import duties totaling over â‚ ¬15 billion were levied, which is equivalent to 13. 2% of the revenue side of the EU budget (Garcia, 2012)Application of Common Customs Tariff:A customs union is characterized by the existence of a single external tariff applied by all Member States to imports coming from third countries. Such imports only have to clear customs once and can then move freely within the common customs area. Reaching an agreement among the original Member States on a single external tariff required a complex striking of balances and compromises, given the different national interests, stemming from the different products that each country wished to protect. The common customs tariff (CCT) adopted by the European institutions in 1968 is, therefore, a major achievement of European integration (Article 28 TFEU, ex Article 23 TEC). For the member countries, the CCT meant both the loss of customs revenue, which, since 1975, has been a resource of the Community/Union budget, and the option of carrying out an independent customs or trade policy. No member country can unilaterally decide on or negotiate tariff matters; all changes to the CCT are decided by the Council following negotiation (if necessary) and proposal by the Commission. All bilateral (between the EU and non-member countries) and multilateral negotiations are carried out by the Commission. As of 1968, the Member States are not entitled to unilaterally carry out customs policy, i. e. suspend customs duties or change CCT. Only the Council can waive the normal application of CCT by means of regulations adopting various tariff measures. Such measures, whether required under agreements or introduced unilaterally, involve reductions in customs duties or zero-rating in respect of some or all imports of a given product in the territory of the European Union. They take the form of EU tariff quotas, tariff ceilings or total or partial suspension of duties. Modernized Customs Code: Customs authorities today, faced with this rapidly changing and challenging environment, must ensure that they continue to provide a first-class service to EU citizens and companies. A central pillar of the MCC is the concept of centralized clearance, which makes it possible for authorized EU traders to declare goods electronically and pay their customs duties and value-added tax (VAT) at the place where their business is established, irrespective of the member state where the goods are presented. Centralized clearance builds upon the current practice of Single Authorization for Simplified Procedures. The current draft of the MCCIP, however, requires that traders send the required customs clearance information to multiple member states. Basically, where the customs office designated for the lodging of customs declarations (i. e. , supervising customs office) is in a different member state than the customs office that receives the physical goods (i. e. customs office of presentation/importation), the importer must provide the entry information to the customs offices in both member states as well as the member state where the VAT is due. The modernisation and simplification of the customs legal and technological environment started several years ago with a major amendment to the Community Customs Code adopted in 2005, which gave EU customs authorities the powers to implement some of the most advanced security requirements in the world, while creating an environment that does not disrupt legitimate trade. This amendment is expected to be fully mplemented by mid 2016. The Modernized Customs Code will, when fully implemented, provide the necessary simplifications to make customs and trade work better, faster and cheaper. The Electronic Customs Decision already provides a significant step forward in linking national customs Information and Communication Technology systems, benefiting both customs and trade. By meeting the needs of modern logistics, a pan-European electronic customs will increase the competitiveness of companies doing business in Europe, reduce compliance costs and improve security at the EU borders. The proposal to amend the mutual administrative assistance provisions in customs matters will streamline and improve the current IT systems and enhance capacity in the fight against fraud in the customs sector. These are important legal and technological steps that will prepare European customs both for the immediate and the medium term future. Electronic Customs are a significant development for the E. U. Customs that aims to provide interoperable customs systems, accessible to economic operators throughout the Community by replacing paper-based customs procedures with similar declarations in electronic form across the entire E. U. , thus creating a more efficient, simpler and modern customs environment. The electronic office is a very important development for the E. U. Customs. Its aim is to provide interoperable customs systems, accessible to economic operators throughout the Community, in order to replace the current paper-based customs procedures, with similar declarations in e lectronic form throughout the entire E. U. , thus creating a more efficient, simpler and modern customs environment. Trade facilitation and security strengthen at external E. U. borders are the twin goals of this project. Specifically, this initiative aims to * Make easier the movement and control of goods to and from the internal market through efficient import and export procedures. * Increase the competitiveness of European trade, by reducing compliance and administrative costs as well as to speed up clearance times. * Facilitate legitimate trade through a coordinated and common approach of goods control.

Hopi Indians and their pottery1 essays

Hopi Indians and their pottery1 essays Hopi Indians lived in the western part of America (Arizona). Their civilization is about 3000 years old and they usually farmed for living. The Hopi reservation is a remote area, comprising approximately 650,000 acres, and is surrounded on all sides by the Navajo Reservation. The Hopi people have lived in this area for over a thousand years, with one of its native villages on Old Oraibi, having the distinction of being the oldest continuously inhabited village in the United States. Hopi brought a lot of influences to many people. Hopi people were famous for their pots they make. Hopi pottery is assumed to have been made by women, there are few early historic references to men making pottery. Pottery varied from village to village so all the neighboring villages showed different blending of style. Hopi pottery are made very similar today as the olden days just that now days, it is much expensive. Modern Hopi potters make their pottery in the traditional manner. The clay is hand dug on the Hopi mesas and hand processed. The pots are carefully hand constructed using the coil and scrape techniques their ancestors taught them. The paints used are from naturally occurring materials. For example, boiling Beeweed for a long time until it becomes very dark and thick makes black paint. Before making a pottery, they found clay near the ocean or by inland streams and pond. They would wedge the clay to help remove air bubbles from the clay. If air is not removed from the clay pottery may break or crack when dried and fired. They tasted the clay to choose which clay is better. They picked sweet clay because it would be smoother than the bitter clay. After choosing which clay they were going to use, they started to make the pot, known as the coil pot method. They would roll a piece of clay into a thin line. After, they would add the thin line and built it up step by step placing the rolled up clay on top of each other. ...

Do not be alarmed - Emphasis

Do not be alarmed Do not be alarmed Imagine youve got to write a set of instructions for a total stranger; no, millions of total strangers. Its a huge audience, made up of people from all walks of life. So its going to be impossible to cater for individual needs. Youll have to write it so that practically anyone can understand the language. Not only that, but theyre likely to be somewhat distracted panic-stricken, in fact. Because the instructions are on what to do in the event of a nuclear attack. That was the challenge facing the Government and the BBC in the 1970s, at the height of the Cold War. And the results of their efforts are a study in how to write clearly. The National Archive released them today, and you can read them here. Note the short paragraphs and varying sentence length. Longer sentences vary the pace, while shorter ones (Water means life. Dont waste it) add real impact. Note especially that the script addresses the reader (or listener, in this case) directly, including using the word you frequently. The writer also guides the listener very carefully by taking them through a logical thought process: Do not, in any circumstances, go outside the house. Radioactive fall-out can kill. You cannot see it or feel it, but it is there. If you go outside, you will bring danger to your family and you may die. If youre struggling to write a report or a tricky email, it could be a lot worse.

Discuss the role of multinationals in the globalisation of innovation Essay - 1

Discuss the role of multinationals in the globalisation of innovation - Essay Example Strategies employed by MNEs in the globalisation of innovation One strategy used by MNEs is foreign direct investment (FDI) where MNEs acquire existing assets abroad or set up new wholly or majority owned investments abroad. Other modalities of spreading innovation by MNEs include trade, licensing, cross-patenting initiatives, and international scientific and technological collaborations. Trade involves the exchange of sophisticated products such as electrical and electronic products, precision instruments, fine chemicals and pharmaceuticals (Narula and Zanfei, 2003, P.7). Exports of such products and especially information and technology products worldwide rose from 8% in 1976 to 23% in 2000. The massive increase in the share of world trade represented by research and development intensive sectors signals an increase in globalisation of innovation (Narula and Guimon, 2009, P.5). There has been a steady growth in international patenting trends characterised by non-resident patenting, which is patent applications of foreign investors in a country, and external patenting, which is patent applications of national investors abroad. ... STPs are more common in the domain of biotechnology, new materials and information technology and oftenly involve Triad nations rather than emerging economies. Developed nations’ firms take up over 90% of STP agreements while the share of STPs involving developing country firms is in the range of 5-6%. 70% of all STPs have had at least one US partner since 1960 (UNCTAD, 2005, P.51). The concentration of STPs in highly industrialised countries together with the involvement of American firms can be attributed to the fact that industrialised countries are the largest investors in R&D (Welfens, 1999, P.342). As a result of government regulation, some MNEs are forced to adopt STPs in place of internal innovation. Such situations include where firms form R&D alliances aiming to enter foreign markets protected by non-tariff barriers such environmental regulation in the chemical industries or safety standards in the automobile industry. STPs are common where partner companies share co mplementary capabilities and the integration creates a greater degree of interaction between the partner’s respective paths of learning and innovation. Cooperation helps firms keep up with technological advancements and assists firms in exploring and exploiting emerging technological opportunities (Chen, 2003, P.397). MNEs engage in considerable intra-firm and inter-firm trade with industrialised countries, and this contributed almost 90% of all outbound FDI in 2001. Most of the firms engaged in FDI are also key players in the generation and diffusion of innovation. Over 30% of the top 100 MNEs are involved in R&D intensive industries such as electronic and electrical equipment,

Dangerous Properties of Materials Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Dangerous Properties of Materials - Coursework Example Though all forms of mercury can cause effects in the central and peripheral nervous system, methyl mercury and metallic mercury are more harmful. Acute inhalation of metallic mercury vapours may cause damage to the lungs, nausea, diarrhea, increased blood pressure, skin rashes, eye irritation, chest pains, stomatitis, gingivitis, cough, dyspnea and salivation. Chronic exposure to high levels of metallic, inorganic, or organic mercury may cause permanent damage to brain, kidneys and developing fetus. Effects of chronic exposure on brain functioning may cause weakness, fatigue, weight loss, vision or hearing disorders, tremors development, behavioral changes, aneuploidy in lymphocytes of the exposed, dremographia and memory loss. Chronic exposure to mercuric compounds is sometimes also characterized by anorexia, apathy, fever, diaphoresis, photophobia, insomnia and scaling or peeling of the skin of the hands and feet with bullous lesions. Toxicity Metabolites and Biomarkers Exposure to organo-mercury compounds is indicated by chemical analysis of blood mercury. Inorganic mercury concentrations in blood can be used to determine acute exposure to high dose of mercury. Absorption of phenyl mercury through gastrointestinal tract with even acute exposure resulted in a marked increase in blood concentrations as well as urinary excretion of mercury. Chemical analysis of urinary mercury can alternatively be used to determine exposure to chronic, low and moderate inorganic mercury forms. As mercury can deposit on hair from surface contamination, hair mercury is a good indicator of exposure to methyl mercury. Dose The acute lethal dose for inorganic mercury compounds is 1 to 4 grams or 14 to 57 milligrams per kilogram body weight for a 70 kg adult person. The acute lethal dose ranges from 20 to 60 milligrams per kilogram body weight of methyl mercury for a 70 kg adult person. According to EPA, a limit of 2 parts of mercury per billion parts of drinking water (2 ppb) is saf e for human health. A limit of 1 part of methyl mercury in a million parts of seafood (1 ppm) has been set by the Food and Drug Administration. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) has suggested a maximum permissible limit of 0.1 milligram of organic mercury per cubic meter of workplace air (0.1 mg/m3) and 0.05 mg/m3 of metallic mercury vapor for 8-hour shifts and 40-hour work. Effects on the environment, cases and their treatment Mercury (Hg) is a naturally occurring odorless liquid metal with shiny, silver-white appearance. Mercury also combines with other elements to form several inorganic salts and organo-mercury compounds. It enters the environment naturally from rocks, soil, volcanic activity, and by vaporization from the oceans. However, two-third of the Mercury entering the atmosphere every year is released from human sources. These sources include coal-burning power plants, chemical manufacturing plants, waste incinerators and mining of ore deposits. The disease caused by exposure to mercury compounds is called Mercury poisoning, Hydrargyria or Mercurialism. The first case of mercury poisoning was witnessed among researchers at St Bartholomew’s Hospital in 1865. Two of the three technicians died because of excessive exposure to methyl mercury while manufacturing organic mercurial compounds. Human exposure to high levels of